This article examines structural and dispositional explanations for complexity of political institutions. Analysis suggests that both socioeconomic organization and socialization variables are useful in understanding the concentration, specialization, and centralization of political power, but socioeconomic organization variables have stronger associations.

This study reanalyzes the work of Barry, Bacon and Child (1957) on sex differences in child socialization. The authors use factor analysis to determine if the results of the original study are consistent with results yielded using modern methods and computer analysis. Authors find that there is no one general dimension of male-female difference in socialization and that the conclusions of Barry, Bacon, and Child have little meaning.

This paper explores societal-level mechanisms associated with women’s participation in and exclusion from political life. Analysis suggests there are two statistically independent types of female political participation: involvement in decision-making and the existence of positions controlled by or reserved for women. Multiple regression analysis identifies several social-structural, psychocultural, and behavioral correlates for both types of female political participation and explanatory theory is discussed.

This paper explores societal-level mechanisms associated with women’s participation in and exclusion from political life. Analysis suggests there are two statistically independent types of female political participation: involvement in decision-making and the existence of positions controlled by or reserved for women. Multiple regression analysis identifies several social-structural, psychocultural, and behavioral correlates for both types of female political participation and explanatory theory is discussed.

A general theory of conflict and violence provides a framework for understanding the relationship between internal and external political conflict and the conditions under which they are connected. This study draws on a cross-cultural sample of 90 preindustrial societies, assessing whether these two forms of conflict covary and identifies the social factors that shape their associations. Using a multiple regression analysis reveals a moderate positive relationship overall, but the strength and nature of these relationships depend on specific societal characteristics. Societies in which internal and external conflict can occur and fall together display remarkedly different patterns of cross-cutting ties compared to those in which the two forms operate independently. Structural features of social organization emerge as key determinants of whether aggression is directed inward, outward, or both. In contrast, dispositional (psychocultural) traits are strong predictors of overall conflict levels but do not distinguish between internal and external targets. Together, these findings showcases the importance of integrating structural and dispositional factors in explaining patterns of political violence.

A general theory of conflict and violence provides a framework for understanding the relationship between internal and external political conflict and the conditions under which they are connected. This study draws on a cross-cultural sample of 90 preindustrial societies, assessing whether these two forms of conflict covary and identifies the social factors that shape their associations. Using a multiple regression analysis reveals a moderate positive relationship overall, but the strength and nature of these relationships depend on specific societal characteristics. Societies in which internal and external conflict can occur and fall together display remarkedly different patterns of cross-cutting ties compared to those in which the two forms operate independently. Structural features of social organization emerge as key determinants of whether aggression is directed inward, outward, or both. In contrast, dispositional (psychocultural) traits are strong predictors of overall conflict levels but do not distinguish between internal and external targets. Together, these findings showcases the importance of integrating structural and dispositional factors in explaining patterns of political violence.

A general theory of conflict and violence provides a framework for understanding the relationship between internal and external political conflict and the conditions under which they are connected. This study draws on a cross-cultural sample of 90 preindustrial societies, assessing whether these two forms of conflict covary and identifies the social factors that shape their associations. Using a multiple regression analysis reveals a moderate positive relationship overall, but the strength and nature of these relationships depend on specific societal characteristics. Societies in which internal and external conflict can occur and fall together display remarkedly different patterns of cross-cutting ties compared to those in which the two forms operate independently. Structural features of social organization emerge as key determinants of whether aggression is directed inward, outward, or both. In contrast, dispositional (psychocultural) traits are strong predictors of overall conflict levels but do not distinguish between internal and external targets. Together, these findings showcases the importance of integrating structural and dispositional factors in explaining patterns of political violence.

This article tests hypotheses about the relationship between how the general anticipations of pain in develop in children and the formal belief systems of a society. The authors posit that beliefs in malevolent supernatural beings reflect punitive child rearing practices and beliefs in benevolent supernatural being relfect nurturing child rearing practices. Results generally support this hypothesis.

This study investigates the strategic mode of competition in both games of strategy and folk talkes. Various significant relationships between games of strategy, folktales, social complexity, and child rearing variables are observed.

Causal factors to the development of crime are examined. Frequency of theft and personal crime are tested against these causal factors in a search for correlations.