Hypotheses
- Dependency on herding will be predictive of themes of violence and punishment in pre-industrial societies. (5)Cao, Yiming - Herding, Warfare, and a Culture of Honor: Global Evidence, 2021 - 3 Variables
The authors of this study globally test the culture of honor hypothesis, which proposes that societies with traditional herding practices developed value systems that encourage revenge and violence. Because their livelihood depends on a mobile asset, herders are more vulnerable to theft and may be more likely to turn to violence or aggressiveness to defend their animals. The authors found dependence on herding to be significantly associated with both past and contemporary conflict and punishment.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - Ancestors' dependence on herding will be predictive of the frequency and severity of armed conflict in contemporary societies. (5)Cao, Yiming - Herding, Warfare, and a Culture of Honor: Global Evidence, 2021 - 2 Variables
The authors of this study globally test the culture of honor hypothesis, which proposes that societies with traditional herding practices developed value systems that encourage revenge and violence. Because their livelihood depends on a mobile asset, herders are more vulnerable to theft and may be more likely to turn to violence or aggressiveness to defend their animals. The authors found dependence on herding to be significantly associated with both past and contemporary conflict and punishment.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - "Community pattern (archaeologically defined) . . . can help predict [these] sociocultural traits: communal or private real estate, shared or hoarded goods, property at death destroyed or inherited, craftsmen, extent of trade, taxes, coercive power, kin-based community or larger, law, political hierarchy, army, religion or magic, ethical supernatural, complex supernatural, spirits or gods, shamans or priests, religious hierarchy, individual or common ritual, group ceremony frequency, simple or elaborate funerals" (197-200)McNett, Charles W., Jr. - A cross-cultural method for predicting nonmaterial traits in archeology, 1970 - 21 Variables
"This paper presents an exploratory attempt to solve the problem of how to infer traits for which no direct material evidence remains." The author suggests that the archeologically defined community pattern can predict several sociocultural traits. Results support this hypothesis.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - Reputational punishments will be positively correlated with higher sociopolitical complexity, including more external trade, food storage, and more dependence on animal husbandry.Garfield, Zachary H. - Norm violations and punishments across human societies, 2023 - 2 Variables
This study uses Bayesian phylogenetic regression modelling across 131 largely non-industrial societies to test how variation of punishment is impacted by social, economic, and political organization. The authors focus on the presence of norm violations and types of punishments, and explores their relationships. The norm violations include adultery, rape, religious violations, food violations, and war cowardice. While the types of punishment are reputational, material, physical, or education. This study suggests a hypothesis for each type of punishment in relation to socioecological variables.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - Material punishments will be positively correlated to economic socioecological variables, including more external trade, food storage, and higher dependence on animal husbandry.Garfield, Zachary H. - Norm violations and punishments across human societies, 2023 - 2 Variables
This study uses Bayesian phylogenetic regression modelling across 131 largely non-industrial societies to test how variation of punishment is impacted by social, economic, and political organization. The authors focus on the presence of norm violations and types of punishments, and explores their relationships. The norm violations include adultery, rape, religious violations, food violations, and war cowardice. While the types of punishment are reputational, material, physical, or education. This study suggests a hypothesis for each type of punishment in relation to socioecological variables.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - Exclusive membership in productive organizations (POs) and enhanced social learning within them will increase the size of the local population.Brahm, Francisco - The evolution of productive organizations, 2021 - 3 Variables
Drawing from cultural evolution theory, the authors develop a model to explain the origin and evolution of productive organizations (organizations specialized in producing goods and services to satisfy human needs). They propose that productive organizations have two characteristics: exclusive membership and enhanced social learning within the organization. They find their predictions supported in a global sample of premodern societies.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - High dependence on herding animals will be associated with mobilityEmber, Carol R. - Predictors of Land Privatization: Cross-Cultural Tests of Defendability and ..., 2020 - 2 Variables
In this article, the authors seek to understand the predictors of land privatization by empirically testing defendability and resource stress theory. By drawing on previous research they are able to test these theories in more expansive and nuanced ways. They conclude that they have found strong support for defendability theory.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - Separate marital property will be positively correlated with intimate partner violence in Sub-Saharan Africa.Anderson, Siwan - Intimate partner violence and female property rights, 2021 - 2 Variables
This article studied the effects of common law in Sub-Saharan Africa on property rights of women and its relationship to intimate partner violence. The authors first compared intimate partner violence (IPV) in 593 ethnic groups with a separate marital property regime against groups with a community marital property regime. Then, the authors examined the correlation between women who justify IPV and the presence of a separate marital property regime. They found that separate marital property both increased the likelihood of intimate partner violence and the justification of IPV when compared to a community property regime. The authors use these findings to advocate for marital property rights reform to help reduce partner violence cases.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - Separate marital property will be positively correlated with women justifying intimate partner violence in Sub-Saharan Africa.Anderson, Siwan - Intimate partner violence and female property rights, 2021 - 2 Variables
This article studied the effects of common law in Sub-Saharan Africa on property rights of women and its relationship to intimate partner violence. The authors first compared intimate partner violence (IPV) in 593 ethnic groups with a separate marital property regime against groups with a community marital property regime. Then, the authors examined the correlation between women who justify IPV and the presence of a separate marital property regime. They found that separate marital property both increased the likelihood of intimate partner violence and the justification of IPV when compared to a community property regime. The authors use these findings to advocate for marital property rights reform to help reduce partner violence cases.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - Fraternal interest groups will be positively associated with frequency of rape (429).Otterbein, Keith F. - A cross-cultural study of rape, 1979 - 2 Variables
This study examines two theories concerning the prevalence of rape: deterrence theory and fraternal interest group theory. Results indicate that both punishment and fraternal interest groups influence the frequency of rape, though neither variable is a necessary cause. The effects of marital residence and polygyny are also considered.
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